History of the oceans

Aydan Foster
Marine Bioligy

Did you know the earth didn’t always have water? It spent about 1000 years with out water. The earth got its water after the hadean era when a bunch of gases formed into rain clouds.

The hadean era was the time before life on earth. It was just fire and lava every where. It was to hot on the earth to have any life whatsoever. It was hot because the earth was a meteor that got trapped in the sun’s gravitational pull. Even though the earth stopped moving it didn’t cool down. It ended about 1000 years latter and rained for 400 years.
I have a theory that Venus is going to move away from the sun and restart the earth’s evolution on Venus.

After the hadean era came the continent known as Pangaea.

Pangaea happened after it rained for 4 centuries. Pangaea was when all the continents were connected in one big continent. It was in the shape of a C. the pool of water inside the C was known as the Tethys sea. The breakup of Pangaea started in the early Jurassic era when a riff current that connected the Tethys Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. At the end of the breakup, the Atlantic Ocean was created. The breakup started in the separation of North America and Africa and ended with Africa and Eurasia almost connecting together.

The oceans are always changing. They’ve been changing since the beginning of them and they’re still changing. For example California is sinking. And so is London. But not only are the oceans are changing but so are the continents because of the plate tectonics. With out the ocean the plate tectonics would just make earthquakes and volcanoes.

I got my information from wikipedia.org, the book of the seven seas and a book called the Mediterranean

Oceanography By Andrew Rosenberger and Seth Johnson

Maps have been around for several thousand years since 6,200 B.C. Maps have often helped sailors navigate across the oceans. The history of maps has expanded for thousands of years.

How maps have changed over time:
The shapes of maps have changed over time for example: The heart shaped world maps of Apian 1530, the oval shape world map of Rosellie 1508 actually shows the full world and the eye shaped Genoese nautical chart of the world. In our century we use oval shaped maps because it its easier to show the full world. Now thanks to technology like satellites and computers we can have more accurate maps. Sonar technology and submarines help us to discover what the world really is.

History of maps:
People used to think that the world was flat and that the ocean would abruptly end and drop off the edge like a waterfall but instead of more water at the bottom you'd find your doom. If people said that the world was round they would simply hang them. People started the make maps in the early days of 6,200 B.C.Ever since we've been making maps for every thing: cities, states, country's, oceans and the whole world!

Transportation:
Humans have used ships to transport people, cargo and goods for centuries. Without maps sailor wouldn't be able to navigate the oceans. Because when your in the middle of the ocean you can't see land you cant see land marks, only ocean. Without maps in the middle of the ocean would be bad. You would be lost.

Map making:
People called map makers would go and explore unknown lands and oceans and record it on paper to make map sketches. Once they had the maps on paper they would carve it on to wood.Then to copy that map they put bronze on top of it and hit it in to place with a hammer. This was called Cartography. The ancient art of map making. Now days we use satellites to take pictures of the world and send them to our computers to copy it. We then print it on a copy machine.

Conclusion:
Maps have been very important throughout the centuries for sailors. Without maps people wouldn't be able to navigate the circumference of the globe.

Marine Biology Magazine

Ocean Pollution

Ocean Pollution
By Maria Vu and Claire Provinsal

Over the past few years, ocean pollutants have grown into a tremendous problem. 97.33% of the world’s water is ocean, nearly 71% of the Earth's surface is water and all of it is vastly becoming completely polluted. Pollution is I huge problem in oceans through out the world, but the Indian Ocean has the most pollution.

There are many different pollutants, and some have a larger affect than others. Seven billion tones of litter drops into the ocean each year. Most of this litter comes off the land, which means that the stuff we throw away is a big problem. A plastic bottle may last several hundred years in the ocean and even a cigarette butt can last for 12 years.

Pollution in the ocean directly affects ocean organisms and indirectly affects human health and resources. Oil spills, toxic wastes, and dumping of other harmful materials are all major sources of pollution in the ocean. People should learn more about these because if people know more about pollution in the ocean, then they will know more about how to stop pollution. Coastal waters receive a variety of land-based water pollutants, ranging from petroleum wastes to pesticides to excess sediments and gas admissions. Marine waters also receive wastes directly from offshore activities, such as ocean-based dumping, from ships and offshore oil and gas operations.

More oil reaches the oceans each year as a result of leaking automobiles and other non-point sources than was spilled. Another pollutant is sewage; human sewage largely consists of excrement from toilet-flushing; wastewater from bathing, laundry, and dishwashing; and animal and vegetable matter from food preparation that is disposed through a garbage disposal in a sink.

Main causes of ocean pollution are oil spills. Oil spills happen when people make mistakes or are careless and cause an oil tanker to leak oil in the ocean. There are a few more ways an oil spill can occur. Equipment breaking down may cause an oil spill. If the equipment breaks down, the tanker may get stuck on a shallow land. When they start to drive the tanker again, they can put a hole in the tanker, causing it to leak oil.

How much do people pollute yearly? Many people don't realize that their everyday activities can pollute the ocean. What should we do to help? Choose products with less packaging. Less packaging means less chance of it ending up in the wrong place. Clean up after your pet. Pet waste can carry diseases that affect marine animals. Dispose of waste properly. Do not litter the streets or throw waste down storm drains. Be sure to recycle plastics, paper, glass and metal products that you can. Consider whether fertilizers and pesticides are really needed in lawns and gardens, or choose natural alternatives. These are all good ways that we can decrease our impact on the oceans pollutants.

Ocean pollution directly affects nearly 40 percent of the world’s population. Ocean pollution is not only affecting the water, but it is also affecting the rest of the earth. Pollution in the ocean directly affects ocean organisms and indirectly affects human health and resources. Oil spills, toxic wastes, and dumping of other harmful materials are all major sources of pollution in the ocean. People should learn more about these because if people know more about pollution in the ocean, then they will know more about how to stop pollution.

Ocean pollution has been going on for a long time; it has only recently been seen as a large problem in the world. If nearly 71% of the world is water and 97.33% of the water is ocean, there is plenty of water to pollute, but the oceans are being polluted at a much faster rate than 15 years ago with; car admissions, plastic packaging and oil spills. All these causes of ocean pollution are growing every day with the growing population and this will keep happening unless we try to help.

Early History Of Our Oceans

Marine Biology Magazine
Fernando Mendoza


The oceans started around 4.5 billion years ago a little while after earth was created .It began when steam started to rise out of the earths crust and formed huge clouds and it started to rain and it rained for 40 centuries. As the earth cooled it began to overflow and then created a huge super ocean that surrounded Pangaea called the Panthalassic Ocean.

When the moon broke off from the earth it left an indentation in the earth, which is currently the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is a little different from the other oceans because the ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean is basalt and the others are granite.

That all happened in the hadean era. In the eras to come when Pangaea brakes in half and creates two oceans and that splits up causing the the other oceans to form. There was a ocean that doesn’t exist anymore it was called the Rhiec ocean and scientists have just started researching to examine more closely what life was like at that point in time.

Right now we have a very distressing problem on our hands as we pollute the earth the polar ice caps and that’s raising the water height and that’s disrupting our ecosystem and that’s why if we don’t stop polluting our oceans we might kill ourselves and there will only be ocean so we are making the choices today but will have a huge impact on our earth and people.

Fisheries Have Effects

I remember just last year fishing off of the coast of Alaska. Ten foot waves crashing into my face 50 M.P.H winds stinging my skin. A summer storm off the coast of Alaska. Alot of commercial fishing is done around the world. Commercial fishing is a big part of how the world gets its sea food,but it has a lot of bad effects on the environment. Trolling, over fishing, and by-catch all have very bad effects.

Bottom Trawling is a method of fishing that involves a net that can be miles long.When you trawl on the bottom of the sea you drag a big net on the sea floor witch can kill coral. Coral is home to many kinds of fish sea life, and crustaceans.

By-catch is when you catch fish that you may not have intended to catch that is endangered. Millions of pounds of by-catch is caught each year witch is not sustainable for our ocean

habitat and environment.

Overfishing is also bad for the environment. There are laws and regulations for how much fish you can catch. Commercial fishermen over fish all the time. Theres not enough fish to mate and come back next season.70% of all fish species are over exported. a total of 95 tons of fish are caught each year.

The good news about this is that we can change. If we work hard to strengthen the regulations we have now, then we make new laws to stop by-catch and make trawling an eco- friendly way to catch fish.

Bibliography
Information reports #2007-02 Fish division Oregon department of fish and wildlife.
Wordnet.princeton.edu/pert/webwn
General introduction to fishing. Simon jennings january 13th 2004 www.sos.bangor.ac.uk

tsunami by Lee and Stone

what kind of monster can suck all the water out of a harbor and grow more than 100 ft tall? This monster is a tsunami. Tsunami means, "harbor wave" in Japanese. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, volcanic explosions, landslides, and tectonic plates shifting under ground. Tsunami waves start out just out like any other wave and then get bigger and bigger until it turns into a towering mass of water. If you have ever dropped a coin in water you have seen this same affect.
A tsunami can race across the ocean at 500 miles an hour. In deep parts of the ocean the wave is only a few feet tall but when they get closer to the shore they suck all the water out of the harbor and nearby beaches. In the unfortunate chance that you are standing on a beach during a tsunami you could see the ocean floor and hundreds of flopping fish.
About for out of five tsunamis start in a place called the ring of fire a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The ring of fire is not actually a ring it stretches from the coast of Chile to the Kermadec Trench. Along the edges of the ring there are tectonic plates. When the tectonic plates move it triggers an earthquake. If the earthquake rises or lowers the ocean floor the water above starts the wave.
Tsunamis have killed over 1,000,000 people over the past century too save thousands of lives scientists have invented the P.T.W.S pacific tsunamis warning system based in Hawaii. P.T.W.S is working with scientists to detect tsunamis before they happen.
In the case of a tsunami take these precautions to safe
• Get to higher ground
• Get as far away as possible
• Have a disaster plan
• Plan an evacuation route
• Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing and written instructions on how to turn off electricity, gas, and water.
We can't stop the tsunami but we can learn when it's coming and escape the monsters fury.



we got are information from Wikipedia.org, and Weatherkids.org